Note: To ramp up for my appearance this weekend at the Families Through Surrogacy conference in San Francisco, I’m posting another informational/opinion piece (infopinion?) on gestational surrogacy, the route my partner and I took to have kids. It’s not right for everyone, but if you’re thinking about it, you’re welcome to read all my previous posts on the subject by clicking here.
When my partner Drew and I decided to have a baby, we had so many reservations about surrogacy, we initially didn’t even consider it. As we investigated other routes to parenthood for same-sex couples, we learned that every method involves its own pitfalls, heartbreaks and great expense, so there was no easy road to choose. Most foreign countries with a surplus of adoptable children don’t allow gays to adopt. Domestic adoption is complicated, too. Some birth mothers reconsider their decision to give up their baby, leaving would-be parents crushed. Foster children can be reunited with their own families. Even when you’re raising a kid who’s been with you since birth, legal struggles can tie up your parental rights for years.
We eventually realized that, no matter which path we chose, the road ahead would be bumpy. That’s when we gave surrogacy a more serious look, and we found that the main fears that scared us away from it were all unfounded. Here’s what we were afraid of — and what we learned.
1. FEAR: The surrogate will want to keep the baby.
In 1986, there was a very famous court case centered around a child known as “Baby M”. The details were as follows: a New Jersey couple named William and Elizabeth Stern contracted a woman named Mary Beth Whitehead to be their surrogate. Whitehead was inseminated with William’s sperm and became pregnant with a fetus conceived from his sperm and her own egg.
After the baby, called Baby M to protect her privacy, was born, Whitehead refused to relinquish her parental rights and insisted on keeping the little girl. The Sterns took her to court, and after an agonizing legal struggle which was tabloid fodder for years, the surrogacy contract was ruled invalid. Whitehead was recognized as the legal mother, and although the Sterns retained primary custody, Whitehead was permitted visitation rights.
In short, it was a mess, and it scared a generation of people away from the idea of surrogacy.
Here’s the upside of the Baby M hullabaloo: it forced would-be surrogates, intended parents and the legal system to take surrogacy more seriously. Some states outlawed surrogacy altogether, but others passed laws laying out the terms under which surrogacy contracts would be enforceable. It became far, far less likely that parental rights would remain up in the air after a baby was born.
You could also say that Baby M led indirectly to the rise of gestational surrogacy. As in vitro technology improved, people increasingly used surrogates who were not expected to provide their own eggs. The thinking went that, if a surrogate wasn’t biologically connected to the child, she wouldn’t consider it her baby. It also made it clearer to the courts that she was not intended to have parental rights.
These days, the ideal candidate for gestational surrogacy has already had children of her own and feels her family is complete. She’s more likely to fear that the intended parents will walk away and leave her with an infant she doesn’t want to keep.
Situations like Baby M are pretty much unheard of today, at least in the United States. If you have a baby with the help of a gestational surrogate, you can rest assured that the infant will go home from the hospital with you, not her.
2. FEAR: Surrogacy exploits women.
I consider myself a feminist, but some feminists want to kick me out of the club for having a child with a surrogate. Before I truly investigated surrogacy, I worried that they were right. A part of my conscience told me surrogacy was equivalent to renting a womb, that it was a case of a wealthier person buying something from a less-well-off person that they really shouldn’t be selling. It felt icky.
On the one hand, that’s an incredibly paternalistic argument. No one’s forced into surrogacy against her will. (At least in the U.S. If you’re pursuing surrogacy internationally, you need to be sure to use reputable agencies.) A surrogacy contract is an agreement between consenting adults, all of sound mind, and most states make it fairly clear whether they will recognize the contract or not. If I rejected the idea of surrogacy in order to “protect” women, that would be more sexist than respecting the surrogate’s right to make that decision for herself.
Put another way, I believe a surrogate has the right to choose what to do with her own body. By having a baby with a surrogate, I’m not dictating how women should use their wombs, but laws that tell women they can’t be surrogates are restricting their rights.
As for the money, yes, a surrogate gets paid. Yes, a lot of surrogates use the cash to supplement their income. But no one’s getting rich as a surrogate. And the money that these women do make, they earn. The payment can be an incentive for many, but there has to be a deeper reason as well, a desire to help infertile couples.
When we met with our surrogate, we were stunned to see that she drove a nicer car than we did. She had a full-time job and a big heart, and when she told us she was going to say yes to moving forward with us, the tears in her eyes were happy tears.
There are people who will never accept this argument, who will always insist that surrogacy exploits women and shouldn’t be legal. If it nags you that seriously, then surrogacy isn’t right for you. As for me, I have no regrets, and neither do my partner or our surrogate. We’re all extremely proud of the way we created our kids. In fact, our surrogate later gave birth for another couple as well.
3. FEAR: Surrogacy reduces the miracle of life to a series of business transactions.
Every kid is eventually going to ask how she or he came into the world. Most parents can explain it pretty easily: “Well, Mommy and Daddy love each other very much, so we made a baby together. We’ll give you more details in a few years.”
Parents of adopted children also get to say something very sweet. “Well, your birth parent(s) couldn’t take care of you the way they thought you deserved, but they knew that we could, so they chose us to love you and raise you, and that’s how we became a family.”
I feared that, as a dad through gestational surrogacy, I’d have to say something like this to my kids: “Daddy and Daddy found a couple of women who needed some cash, we hired lawyers, signed some paperwork and bam, there you were!”
That was before I actually went through the surrogacy process. Now, I’d say something like this: “Daddy and I wanted very much to have a baby, but it takes a woman’s help to have one. Your Aunt Susie saw how much love we had to give, and because she loves us so much, she donated her eggs to help create you. Then we met Aunt Tiffany, who saw what good daddies we’d be, and she carried you inside her for nine months so that we could have a family. You were so loved before you were even born that four people came together to help make you.”
That sounds a lot nicer, doesn’t it?
4. FEAR: We can’t afford it.
This probably should be #1. When we started looking into surrogacy, my partner and I both made decent salaries, but we were hardly wealthy. We didn’t have trust funds or rich parents willing to write us six-figure checks. Whatever money we had in the bank was supposed to help us buy a house and to retire.
Ultimately, we decided that having a family was our top priority. It mattered more to us than owning a big house, taking fancy vacations or being able to live comfortably. If it meant we could have a baby, we would sacrifice everything else.
Our surrogacy agency required a $7,500 downpayment, and they told us that we’d be on the waiting list for a surrogate for about a year before we’d have to pay the balance. I admit that when we gave them the deposit, we weren’t totally sure we’d have enough money when the time came. But we started saving like mad and searching for funds under every financial couch cushion, and somehow, we made it.
5. FEAR: We could spend a fortune and still end up babyless.
I knew that, despite its high price tag, there were no guarantees to in vitro fertilization. We could make embryo after embryo but never get pregnant. In fact, just as we were starting our baby journey, the Los Angeles Times ran a series of articles about a gay couple who invested their life savings trying to have a baby through surrogacy. Their tale had a tragic ending, and I feared the same could happen to us.
The surrogacy agency we spoke to was much more confident about our odds. They said their gay male clients had a success rate, over their first 3 in vitro cycles, of 98%. How is that possible? Well, unlike with infertile straight couples who pursue IVF, no one involved in gay surrogacy has any prior history of infertility. Egg donors and surrogates are tested for their fitness for their respective tasks before they’re approved.
Furthermore, through a process called IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), even a man with a very low sperm count can create healthy embryos.
Most straight couples want to use a husband’s sperm and wife’s egg, and they’re dealing with low quality on one or both counts. But for same-sex couples, every participant can be replaced if things aren’t working. If their first IVF cycle is unsuccessful, they can find a new egg donor and/or a new surrogate. They can even switch out which of them is donating sperm.
There are still no guarantees, and as they Los Angeles Times articles show, even a successful IVF can end badly. But in many ways, the odds of having a baby with a surrogate are greater than with the other methods.
*****
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I was a traditional surrogate for a gay couple. I think traditional surrogacy is worlds apart from gestational surrogacy. I am a big advocate against TS now, and always try to lean more people (IPs and surrogates alike) to gestational surrogacy, when they ask me about it. I think that eliminates the whole “selling babies” notion, almost completely eliminates the risk of the surrogate keeping the baby, etc…
Thanks for adding your perspective, Lindsay. I’m sorry to hear that you have regrets about your surrogacy. Traditional surrogacy wasn’t for us, but I know there are still some people who go that route, and hopefully things work out better for them. Whenever possible, though, gestational surrogacy seems like the better way to go for everyone involved.
Reblogged this on Famous Plumbers from Spring TX.
We also choose gestational surrogacy vs traditional to eliminate the fears and also to find a egg donor that looked like the other father.
I personally come to thinking about surrogacy from a different angle. I mean, sure, I’m only 22 right now, so the “I’m going to raise a child” thing is still something faaaaar in the future. Distant speck kind of far. But still, as a female, there has always been this question of “do I want kids?” I’m pretty sure that the answer is generally some sort of yes, I would like to raise a small human human at some point. But do I want to actually *grow* the fetus thing of that small human inside of me? Oh god, that’s terrifying. For a very specific reason.
I spent roughly a decade in the grips of an eating disorder. Well, several variations of “eating disorder.” I’ve basically had to battle my whole life just to come to terms with me and my body how I am now, and even that okay-ness isn’t all that stable. Throw in the massive changes that pregnancy would force on my body? I’m terrified that I wouldn’t be able to handle it. That I’d relapse. During pregnancy – in which case I’d endanger the baby – or afterwards, in which case I’d be too wrought by my own mental shit to be able to be a mother in the way that I want to. I’m afraid that going through pregnancy would set me up for self-destruction – and possibly cost another life in the process. I don’t want to risk that.
So. That is why I think about surrogacy. My egg, sperm from some dude (presumably my life partner by that point), SOME OTHER BLESSED WOMAN’S UTERUS.
But then I wonder… would I forever feel like I just “chickened out?” Would I feel left out of some portion of the pregnancy? Because the pregnancy would never be *mine.* But maybe, it could have been…
Then there’s that bit about “my egg.” Um, I’m also kind of terrified of what having half of a child’s genes come from me would do to it. I’ve gone through soooo much shit. Chronic depression. Eating disorders. Perfectionism. Self-harm. Weak ankles. Vaginismus. Overextended knees. Then there are the other lovely risk factors from my family that might be hiding in my genes somewhere, waiting to be passed on, even though I personally haven’t expressed them – like alcoholism, narcissism, and a tendency toward violence and anger.
Sure, I’ve got lots of good things to potentially pass on to a kiddo. But there’s no guarantee either way. And yeah, I hope that I’d be a parent who’s learned from her own parents’ mistakes, her own past patterns – but what if it’s not enough? What if my nurture isn’t enough to overcome the nature I cursed my child with? In that case… should I do surrogacy with someone else’s egg?
You’d think this whole “having a child” business would be a *mite* less complicated for a heterosexual female, wouldn’t you? Welp.
Wow, lots here I hadn’t really considered. Thanks for sharing. I say in the post that surrogacy isn’t for everyone… maybe pregnancy isn’t for everyone either. You definitely have a lot to figure out, but like you said, you’re young, so you have plenty of time. And I’ll tell you the other thing I always say to intended parents: once you have a child in your care, it won’t matter where they came from, what biological links they do or don’t have or anything like that. They’re your kid, and that’s all that matters. There are so many ways to build a family these days. It says a ton about what kind of mom you’ll be someday that you’re already thinking about which one is right for you. xo
Heart warming and informative! As a teenager I taught swimming lessons. An adorable little preschooler with a twin sister once explained to me that some babies were made in mommy’s tummy and some were made in mommy’s hearts. She and her sister, of course, were the latter I thought it was such a beautiful idea. Your story of “where babies come from” brought a tear to my eye. Love is what makes a family 🙂
I love that mommy’s tummy/mommy’s heart line, although in our case, it would be Daddy’s heart. 🙂
🙂
Reblogged this on JerBear's Queer World News, Views & More From The City Different – Santa Fe, NM and commented:
Helpful first-hand information for any would-be parents out there…
Wonderful share great information. I at one point had also considered surrogacy once I turned 40, I began to read up on as many options as possible. You are correct a lot of fears with little truths are out there.
Your talk is going to just as amazing as you and Drew are. This is such a fantastic way to clear up some of the fears of surrogacy! Brilliant post, as always!
Thanks so much. I really appreciate the confidence boost on the presentation! 🙂
Wow. It’s the most beautiful gesture one human can show to another
Reblogged this on Two Dads and commented:
A great post detailing some of the fears we could face when contemplating surrogacy.
Niklas and I live in the metropolis of Stockholm, so the idea of two dads bringing up kids is not too foreign these days. I simply had to face up to my deep seated bias that kids should be brought up in “normal” families. I don’t really know where this idea came from but, I guess it was probably a result of my upbringing on a little country farm in the outback of New Zealand. Anyone that wasn’t considered “normal” (including me) was either picked on or shunned. But hey, I’m older now and have more experience to ground my decisions on.
I really needed to read this right now, thank you!
Thanks, glad you liked it!
Very informative! So happy that you and your partner and two beautiful children! 🙂
*have two beautiful children
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I am really enjoying your blog! I had put serious consideration (almost 4 years’ worth) into becoming a gestational surrogate for others (makin’ gaybies for a pair of cool dudes would make me super happy), but I’m not qualified – take a low dose antidepressant, new tattoos. Then I learned that in order to fix some of the damage my two kids caused on their way out, I’d have to really really be done having kids. I’m sad it’ll never come to fruition, but I’m so glad others are being surrogates!
I am very happy to read your article. Thanks 🙂
I think it is one of the most amazing, and selfless things a woman can do for another person. Having a baby makes you realise how sad it must be for people when their own dream of having a family is not so straight-forward. I am so happy it all worked out for you!
Wow, twins, what a handful. You guys have courage!
Leslie
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Many women are afraid of surrogacy. They are not completely sure that they can trust their surrogate mother. To me, if you visit legal specialized clinic of reproductive medicine with a good reputation you will receive a high level of service and a good result. Therefore, the best recommendation is to use services of accredited clinics that work on legal basis. Have a good reputation. It would be a good idea to look for information on different medical resources. Also you must always remember about appropriate agreements. They must be signed by clinic, surrogate mother and biological parents. It contains information concerning all rights and obligations. Some years ago, we used surrogacy service in Ukraine, in Biotexcom clinic. We are completely satisfied with their work. Their doctors are responsible and experienced. Our son was born healthy. Due to good legislation in that country, we had no problems with surrogate mother and with the documents after the birth of our baby. After child’s birth surrogate mother do isn`t communicate with us. All these processes are strictly controlled.
I know that sometimes it can happen so that genetic mother feels a kind of sense of disappointment. Woman can think and feel at a certain moment that another woman who has carried this baby is a better mother. Parents who have used surrogate motherhood program can face with panic or fears. It is normal if it is not very strong. But in this situation we can see a single man who decided to become a father. Yes, maybe he really needs help of psychologist. I also was in the biotexcom fertility center and saw there a lot of happy couples who became parents using the help of local surrogate mothers. And in that clinic only married couples can use the assisted reproductive technologies. That is the law in that country. And as of surrogate mother in Ukraine she must be not elder than 35 years old and to have at least one healthy child who was born to her naturally. It is great rules I think. I have not heard such stories connected with the biotexcom clinic. Most European couples use there surrogate motherhood and happily leave the country coming back home with their newborn. Moreover I heard that a lot of families come back again to this clinic in order to conduct the second program and to have more children with the help of such great assisted reproductive technology as surrogate motherhood.